Organic Chemistry
Reactions

Substitution Reactions

R-X → R⁺ + X⁻ (slow)
R⁺ + Nu⁻ → R-Nu (fast)

• Unimolecular
• Favored by tertiary substrates
• Racemization

Nu⁻ + R-X → [Nu···R···X]⁻ → R-Nu + X⁻

• Bimolecular
• Favored by primary substrates
• Inversion of configuration

Elimination Reactions

R-X → R⁺ + X⁻ (slow)
R⁺ → Alkene + H⁺ (fast)

• Unimolecular
• Favored by tertiary substrates
• Zaitsev's rule

B⁻ + R-X → Alkene + BH + X⁻

• Bimolecular
• Favored by secondary substrates
• Anti-periplanar geometry

Addition Reactions

Alkene + HX → Haloalkane
Alkene + H₂O → Alcohol

• Markovnikov's rule
• Carbocation intermediate

Aldehyde/Ketone + Nu⁻ → Alcohol

• Grignard reaction
• Reduction with NaBH₄

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